Environmental Hazards Essay

If someone was to ask you, â€Å"What is an open dump? † What would you say? Would you know what to tell them? An open dump is abandoned piles of household garbage, bags of yard waste, appliances, old barrels, used tires, and demolition debris can threaten the health of wildlife, the environment, and humans. They can cause such health, environmental, and safety issues as fires or explosions, the inhalation of toxic gases, injuries to children playing in or around the dumpsites (I have personal experience of cutting my foot on broken glass as a child playing in an open dump), diseases carried by flies, rodents and mosquitos, and other hazards. Open Dumps, 1996 – 2011). Early Landfill Believe it or not, landfills go way back in history. Of course, back then they were called â€Å"garbage dumps. † For instance, early American settlers used to deal with their garbage by dumping it over the back fence, burying it in their back yards, or dumping it in rivers. They also would burn their garbage. (Amsel, 2005 – 2013). We can go even further back in history with this subject. Case in point: Did you know the cause of the bubonic plague (14th century) was too much garbage in the streets? Allow me to explain. The bubonic plague, also called, the â€Å"black death,† spread through Africa, Asia, nd Europe, killing 75 million people. What these people did not know at the time was they had too much garbage in their streets. There was so much it was in piles. These piles of garbage in turn attracted rats. The rats had fleas. The fleas carried the disease. With rats carrying the disease from place to place, the lack of sanitation made it the worst epidemic in human history. (Amsel, 2005 – 2013). Many of the early landfills were made in wetlands. These wetlands were thought to be wasteland at that time. These landfills leaked into lakes and rivers and built up gases, such as methane. As garbage rots, it gives off a flammable gas, called methane. Because of this many garbage dumps would catch fire or explode! The first garbage burning plant was built in 1885 in New York on Governor’s Island. It was called an â€Å"incinerator. † There were 300 incinerators burning garbage in the U. S. by 1914. (Amsel, 2005 – 2013). Leachate – The most serious problem with landfills is groundwater contamination. As water percolates through the ground (like water does in a coffeemaker), chemicals can be released in the ground and get carried along in a process called leaching. The resulting water with the various pollutants is called leachate. As the water percolates through Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), a noxious leachate is generated that consists of residues various decomposing organic matter mixed with various metals from rusting items in the landfills. This can funnel directly into the groundwater without correct precautionary measures. (Wright, 2011). Methane – Municipal Solid Waste is about 2/3 organic material. Because of this, it is subject to natural decomposition. Buried wastes are anaerobic, meaning they decompose without oxygen. A major by-product of this process produces a combination of about 2/3 methane and 1/3 hydrogen and carbon dioxide, called biogas. This is a highly flammable mixture. This has caused homes to explode at up to 1000 feet away and has caused some deaths. Also, gases seeping up to the surface have killed vegetation by poisoning their roots. (Wright, 2011). Incomplete Decomposition – Commonly used plastics resist natural decomposition because of their molecular structure. Microbes are unable to digest them because they are polymers of petroleum-based compounds. There have been biodegradable plastic polymers developed from other sources, such as cornstarch, lactic acid, cellulose, and soybean protein, as well as petroleum. Wright, 2011). Settling – Finally, as waste compacts and decomposes, it settles. This problem was recognized from the beginning and there have been no buildings built on landfills. Settling creates shallow depressions that collect and hold water. These can also be deep holes. This can be addressed by continuous monitoring and filling to restore it to a level surface. (Wright, 2011). Modern Landfill Modern landfills are designed to address the previous mentioned issues. The EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) has upgraded requirements for landfill siting. New landfills are to be sited well above the water table on high ground. The floor is contoured so water drains into a tile leachate collection system. The sides and floor are covered with a plastic liner and at least two feet of compacted soil. This allows any percolating leachate to drain into the leachate collection system and be treated as necessary. Layers of refuse are positioned so the fill is built up in the shape of a pyramid. It is then with at least 18 inches of earthen material and then seeded. This cap and the pyramid shape help the landfill in shedding water. The entire landfill site is surrounded by groundwater monitoring wells and periodically checked. This checking must go on indefinitely. (Wright, 2011). Mariannhill Landfill, South Africa I chose the Mariannhill Landfill, South Africa for innovative practices in making it more productive and reducing its environmental impact. In reading the description of this landfill, it seemed more like a recreation area and less like a landfill. I could tell a lot of thought and planning went into this. This landfill contains several â€Å"cells† to hold waste. Soil from the landfill area is removed and put in storage. The resulting hole is the cell. Once the cell is full the soil is replaced. Vegetation is also removed and placed in a large holding nursery on the site. This is called Plant Rescue Unit or PRUNIT. There is a barrier system in each cell to prevent harmful waste by-products from seeping into the environment. Leachate is treated on site. This is done by a biological primary treatment with sludge followed by a â€Å"polishing treatment† by a reed bed. The Mariannhill site treats landfill water to reduce leachate until the water is reusable. Mariannhill has also set up a landfill gas extraction scheme. It has been operational for four years as of 2008. It also has a bird hide and conservation area with nature trails that link up with existing green space in the metro. (Mariannhill Landfill Conservancy, 2008). This has been a truly eye-opening assignment. Little did I realize as a child that some of the areas I was playing in were so dangerous. I’m not sure if my parents knew, but they always told me to stay away from places like that. I am so thankful these places (older landfills and â€Å"dumps†) are practically figments of the imagination now. We need to take better care of our planet! Let’s all chip in!

Eight Stages In the Development of Man

Aging in the middle ages is certain that life has meaning and it is clear what life really is, it assigned to humans as highly important compare to all living things. The life span on earth is only diminutive interval, as we stay on earth the soul temporary become a prison of the body, the human body experience a short trial and test meant to end death. The important aspect is the life after death of the body, the existence of human being is not focused on what was gained in this material world, what life can offer, but reserves the immortal soul from death and ceaseless death and torture, by gaining endless life and everlasting happiness.In the development of man in a chronological way there are eight stages infancy (0-2years), early childhood (age 2-6), middle childhood (6-12 years), adolescence (12-18 years), early adulthood (18-40), middle adulthood (40-60), the irregular sounding early late adulthood (60-75) and late adulthood (75+).   In childhood development, children develo p rapidly as they are exposed to different attitudes and behaviors. They learn many things formally and informally, these experiences contribute to their emotional, intellectual, physical and social development.Adolescence has traditionally been viewed to begin with puberty, a sudden spurt in physical growth accompanied by sexual maturity. There is a common image of adolescents as unpredictable creatures, prone to mood swing and wild emotional outbursts. This shows that adolescents are more emotionally volatile than adults. In adulthood the individuals grow older they confront new combinations of biological drives and societal demands.By forty years old, most people are all too aware of the changes occurring within their bodies. Strength and vigor in various organ systems decline and changes are readily visible in body shapes and skin as bulges and wrinkles gradually replace gradually replace the sleek torsos and smooth exterior of youth. Sexual activity tends to decrease for both s exes and women in their late forties or early fifties experience pause.Physical changes are inevitable during mid-life, but the magnitude and the rate of such changes are strongly influenced by the the individual lifestyle. Growing evidence suggests that such factors as physical exercise, personal nutrition and effective management of stress may be better predictors of physical vigor and health than age.Comparative research has been made choosing animal models for research in aging, examination of animals is made so that the importance and suitability of particular genus for studies on aging. They use animal model on research for aging because it is a living life form on which a normative natural or behavioral characteristic of aging can be studied. It a semantic confusion when we hear the term research on aging, so we must characterize the areas of scientific analysis on aging.There are two wide categories to do research – the biology of aging or pathology of aging. When we refer to the biology of aging it is commonly based on the origin that aging and are normal processes, a fraction of physiological range in which aging is a step in the progress of the normal life span. Whereas, the pathology of aging is based on the basis that aging is a disease.To define aging more precisely, research should give more focus on genetic inclination from birth to old age, which may require the evaluation of very young  subjects to typify its growth and eventual appearance in the aged. The occurrence of  disease, exposure to environmental pollutants, and infectious agents that affect the elderly  that manifest only at their old age. The most important goals of biomedical and  behavioral research on aging is to develop the worth of life for the aged, to have a direct  development of efficient health concern services for the aged.  Ã‚  There are two kinds of aging, primary aging and secondary aging.Primary aging  refers to changes produced by increasing age . Secondary aging can be traced to changes  resulting from disease, disuse, or abuse of our bodies. It is incorrect to attribute ill health  and discomfort to simply the negative effects of old age. Factors such as lifestyle and  specific illnesses, which are not age related, should be considered as possible causes.Indeed, our physical state during later life is more under our control. Such psychological ideas came from Greek and Roman thought. There is a concealed measurement of ancient philosophy that appeal to a theory divine transcendence ultimately triumphed in form of religion. Both prehistoric and medieval civilizations took for granted that the thoughtful means of life represented the utmost opportunity of human subsistence. This reality is essential to understand the contemporary apprehension of old age, which is a horror of the vacuum, the indeterminate state of apathy.The attitudes that the Greek holds do not necessarily replicate the realism of other  people†™s lives. Even healthier individuals have a pessimistic outlook towards aging thus,  influence the perception of younger people to the ways they choose to interact with the  elderly. There are two conflicting traditions of thought that propose our ideas and  attitudes about aging, the traditional Greek view of aging is very negative, because the  Greeks strained the enormous luck and the great hardship of the old. In their own  view if a person has already conceded his/her youthful years, it is better to die than  experience the indignities of aging.On the other hand the medieval attitudes towards  aging is very positive, since they believe that as a a person grows older, it brings position  and prestige to him and his family and also the community where he lives. This  discrepancy among the contrasting civilization is best seen in the reasons specified for the  death of a young person.In the Middle Eastern view is that the bad man dies young whereas, an old ag e is  a sanction which means when a person dies young he is not blessed, in contrast to ancientGreek which believes that a man who dies at an early age is loved by the Gods and a individual who lives into old age is being punished by the Gods. The attitudes that the Greek holds do not necessarily replicate the realism of other people’s lives. Even healthier individuals have a pessimistic outlook towards aging thus; influence the perception of younger people to the ways they choose to interact with the elderly.There are two conflicting traditions of thought that propose our ideas andattitudes about aging, the traditional Greek view of aging is very negative, because the Greeks strained the enormous luck and the great hardship of the old. In their own  view if a person has already conceded his/her youthful years, it is better to die than  experience the indignities of aging. On the other hand the medieval attitudes towards  aging is very positive, since they believe tha t as a   person grows older, it brings position  and prestige to him and his family and also the community where he lives. This  discrepancy among the contrasting civilization is best seen in the reasons specified for thedeath of a young person.In the Middle Eastern view is that the bad man dies young whereas, an old age is  a sanction which means when a person dies young he is not blessed, in contrast to ancient  Greek which believes that a man who dies at an early age is loved by the Gods and a  individual who lives into old age is being punished by the Gods.Deprived wellbeing in aging requires increased beneficial expenditures that transmit income from other essential areas such as home preservation or the purchase of food. There should be a concerned social or physical environment may retard the rate of functional loss to some degree. Successful planning for an aging society obviously requires attention to the qualitative aspects of aging as well as to the quantitati ve features. Such factors mostly define the value of life at any age and include not only health status but also monetary standing and aspects of both social and substantial environment.There are large numbers of changes in the ways aging people experience in their environments, during the years of adulthood and into old age. These changes engross the course of sensation and perception. We define sensation as the transmission of the sights, sounds, smells, tastes, and feel of the internal and outside environments, into terms that the brain can use to interpret these signals. In contrast, the term perception is the procedure that happens in the brain as it integrates these signals with the person’s past comprehension and information coming from the different experiences.The aging process affects both sensation and perception in the tangential and central mechanism of the nervous system. Lots of information is available which are responsible on the aging of the structures for s ensation compare on the aging of upper level brain centers concerned in perception. There are deep effects on adjustment of the many age correlated changes in the understanding of intellect information. In every day existence adults use sensory and perceptual processes, from ordinary routine interaction to difficult problem situations, and even on matters of life and death.Context is a common issue that may strengthen the usual cognitive problems of aging. The associated changes in the brain dopamine has influence how people process background information, which in turn can hurt concentration memory and more. The psychologist have establish the â€Å"absent link† between the aging brain and waning cognitive abilities, there are also studies that shows where the older people and younger people pathways in context processing. The slow lessening of the ability to gain and utilize background clues could clarify why aging people refuse cognition across a range of function. Psychol ogist develops complete, brain based representation of normal aging, that makes them able to eventually slow or stop these worrying cognitive decline.The best example is when psychologist uses dopamine to be used in context   Ã‚  processing which is a kind of psychological â€Å"operating system† that sits among the brain’s prefrontal cortex and cognition; they believe that definite sufficient levels of the chemical messenger dopamine, the prefrontal cortex consistently enables to course for a thought, memory of the actions. Therefore, context processing can have a wide impact, straddling cognitive process once thought to be autonomous. The context processing, has the capability to supersede a defaulting behavior to perform something in a contextually suitable way. To sum it up, in this process helps aging people to decide which way to go to the market, what to utter based on who is listening or what uncertain word would mean in a meticulous sentence.Health promotion has been a functional social science whose theoretical structure has developed from a psychology, anthropology and sociology foundation. Since 1970’s there are already programs given based on the theories of health promotions, usually implemented across large populations. It is also a mixture of health education and related managerial, political, and economic changes conductive to wellbeing. A health promotion program, then, is planned to improve the health and welfare of individuals and communities by giving the people with the information, expertise, services, and sustainability needed to take on and preserve optimistic lifestyle changes.Successful health promotion programs are health enhancement programs; they go further than providing information to effect behavioral alteration. It emphasize has been on physical health condition and health assurance, usual study of insurance price infer that the health promotion program could decrease morbidity from disease.Two types of learning programs for older drivers have been developed, the first one is precautionary driving approach to decrease fears and sharpen driving skills. The next program is for older citizens who had one or other accidents and uses a defensive-driving/traffic school approach to decrease threat of accident. Programs may be offered in a multiplicity of setting such as senior and district centers.The organization of support groups, conducting of meetings of people with meticulous emotional wants share and discuss the crisis the member faces. These groups can be organized by retirement homes, hospitals, senior centers, and community interest society.Reassurance of telephone programs, it is the duty of a fit and self sufficient person to voluntary calls a homebound or apprehensive elder person each day at the same time to check on his protection and well being. Transportation programs, there are vans or minibuses that provide transport for older adults or the handicapped to physicians, hos pital, clinics.Volunteer programs, any sort of organization that operates more efficiently and has increased sense of community importance if an efficient volunteer is developed and equipped. Program developments include advances in public wellbeing, preventive and curative medicine, health education, and medical technology have caused enormous changes in the configuration of the populace of aging populations.ConclusionEveryone of us started from being a child until we reach old age, as we grow older we become unique to other people, each of us has a different genetic make up. During the life course, the range of those persons is created by how person invested time and energy. The life time approach to the learning of aging is one way of conceptualizing many of the factors that influence how individual modify as they grow older, and how different personality show unlike patterns of change in aging.Work CitedCockayne K. (2003). Experiencing Old Age in Ancient Rome. Sociology, Routlid ge Publishing.Decalmer P. and Glandenning F. (1997) The Mistreatment of Elderly People. Sociology. Sage Publication. Sage Newbury Park, CA.Davies, J.K., Gordon M., editor (1998). Quality, Evidence, and Health Effectiveness in Health Promotion. Routledge Publishing.Gilford, D. M. (1988).The Aging Population In The Twenty-First Century. Contributor National Academy of Sciences. National Academic Press.Haber, D. (2007). Health Promotion of Aging; Practical Applications for Health Professionals. Fourth edition. Springer Publishing CompanyTimmreck, T.C. (2003).Planning Program Development and Evaluation. Jones and Barlett Publishers.Timiras, P.S., (2002) Physiological Basis of Aging And Geriatrics. Mac Millan Publishing. New York.Webb, R.C., (1999). Psychology of The Consumer And It’s Development .Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers. New York. Eight Stages In the Development of Man Aging in the middle ages is certain that life has meaning and it is clear what life really is, it assigned to humans as highly important compare to all living things. The life span on earth is only diminutive interval, as we stay on earth the soul temporary become a prison of the body, the human body experience a short trial and test meant to end death.The important aspect is the life after death of the body, the existence of human being is not focused on what was gained in this material world, what life can offer, but reserves the immortal soul from death and ceaseless death and torture, by gaining endless life and everlasting happiness.In the development of man in a chronological way there are eight stages infancy (0-2years), early childhood (age 2-6), middle childhood (6-12 years), adolescence (12-18 years), early adulthood (18-40), middle adulthood (40-60), the irregular sounding early late adulthood (60-75) and late adulthood (75+).   In childhood development, children develop rapidly as they are exposed to different attitudes and behaviors. They learn many things formally and informally, these experiences contribute to their emotional, intellectual, physical and social development.Adolescence has traditionally been viewed to begin with puberty, a sudden spurt in physical growth accompanied by sexual maturity. There is a common image of adolescents as unpredictable creatures, prone to mood swing and wild emotional outbursts. This shows that adolescents are more emotionally volatile than adults. In adulthood the individuals grow older they confront new combinations of biological drives and societal demands.By forty years old, most people are all too aware of the changes occurring within their bodies. Strength and vigor in various organ systems decline and changes are readily visible in body shapes and skin as bulges and wrinkles gradually replace gradually replace the sleek torsos and smooth exterior of youth. Sexual activity tends to decrease for both se xes and women in their late forties or early fifties experience pause.Physical changes are inevitable during mid-life, but the magnitude and the rate of such changes are strongly influenced by the the individual lifestyle. Growing evidence suggests that such factors as physical exercise, personal nutrition and effective management of stress may be better predictors of physical vigor and health than age.Comparative research has been made choosing animal models for research in aging, examination of animals is made so that the importance and suitability of particular genus for studies on aging. They use animal model on research for aging because it is a living life form on which a normative natural or behavioral characteristic of aging can be studied. It a semantic confusion when we hear the term research on aging, so we must characterize the areas of scientific analysis on aging.There are two wide categories to do research – the biology of aging or pathology of aging. When we r efer to the biology of aging it is commonly based on the origin that aging and are normal processes, a fraction of physiological range in which aging is a step in the progress of the normal life span. Whereas, the pathology of aging is based on the basis that aging is a disease.To define aging more precisely, research should give more focus on genetic inclination from birth to old age, which may require the evaluation of very young  subjects to typify its growth and eventual appearance in the aged. The occurrence of  disease, exposure to environmental pollutants, and infectious agents that affect the elderly  that manifest only at their old age. The most important goals of biomedical and  behavioral research on aging is to develop the worth of life for the aged, to have a direct  development of efficient health concern services for the aged.There are two kinds of aging, primary aging and secondary aging. Primary aging  refers to changes produced by increasing age. Second ary aging can be traced to changes  resulting from disease, disuse, or abuse of our bodies. It is incorrect to attribute ill health  and discomfort to simply the negative effects of old age. Factors such as lifestyle and  specific illnesses, which are not age related, should be considered as possible causes.Indeed, our physical state during later life is more under our control. Such psychological ideas came from Greek and Roman thought. There is a concealed measurement of ancient philosophy that appeal to a theory divine transcendence ultimately triumphed in form of religion. Both prehistoric and medieval civilizations took for granted that the thoughtful means of life represented the utmost opportunity of human subsistence. This reality is essential to understand the contemporary apprehension of old age, which is a horror of the vacuum, the indeterminate state of apathy.The attitudes that the Greek holds do not necessarily replicate the realism of other  people’s liv es. Even healthier individuals have a pessimistic outlook towards aging thus,  influence the perception of younger people to the ways they choose to interact with the  elderly. There are two conflicting traditions of thought that propose our ideas and  attitudes about aging, the traditional Greek view of aging is very negative, because the  Greeks strained the enormous luck and the great hardship of the old. In their own  view if a person has already conceded his/her youthful years, it is better to die than  experience the indignities of aging.On the other hand the medieval attitudes towards  aging is very positive, since they believe that as a a person grows older, it brings position  and prestige to him and his family and also the community where he lives. This  discrepancy among the contrasting civilization is best seen in the reasons specified for the  death of a young person.In the Middle Eastern view is that the bad man dies young whereas, an old age is   a sanction which means when a person dies young he is not blessed, in contrast to ancient  Greek which believes that a man who dies at an early age is loved by the Gods and a individual who lives into old age is being punished by the Gods. The attitudes that the Greek holds do not necessarily replicate the realism of other people’s lives. Even healthier individuals have a pessimistic outlook towards aging thus; influence the perception of younger people to the ways they choose to interact with the elderly.There are two conflicting traditions of thought that propose our ideas and  attitudes about aging, the traditional Greek view of aging is very negative, because the Greeks strained the enormous luck and the great hardship of the old. In their own  view if a person has already conceded his/her youthful years, it is better to die than  experience the indignities of aging. On the other hand the medieval attitudes towards  aging is very positive, since they believe tha t as a   person grows older, it brings position  and prestige to him and his family and also the community where he lives. This  discrepancy among the contrasting civilization is best seen in the reasons specified for the  death of a young person.In the Middle Eastern view is that the bad man dies young whereas, an old age is  a sanction which means when a person dies young he is not blessed, in contrast to ancient  Greek which believes that a man who dies at an early age is loved by the Gods and a  individual who lives into old age is being punished by the Gods.Deprived wellbeing in aging requires increased beneficial expenditures that transmit income from other essential areas such as home preservation or the purchase of food. There should be a concerned social or physical environment may retard the rate of functional loss to some degree. Successful planning for an aging society obviously requires attention to the qualitative aspects of aging as well as to the quanti tative features. Such factors mostly define the value of life at any age and include not only health status but also monetary standing and aspects of both social and substantial environment.There are large numbers of changes in the ways aging people experience in their environments, during the years of adulthood and into old age. These changes engross the course of sensation and perception. We define sensation as the transmission of the sights, sounds, smells, tastes, and feel of the internal and outside environments, into terms that the brain can use to interpret these signals. In contrast, the term perception is the procedure that happens in the brain as it integrates these signals with the person’s past comprehension and information coming from the different experiences.The aging process affects both sensation and perception in the tangential and central mechanism of the nervous system. Lots of information is available which are responsible on the aging of the structures f or sensation compare on the aging of upper level brain centers concerned in perception. There are deep effects on adjustment of the many age correlated changes in the understanding of intellect information. In every day existence adults use sensory and perceptual processes, from ordinary routine interaction to difficult problem situations, and even on matters of life and death.Context is a common issue that may strengthen the usual cognitive problems of aging. The associated changes in the brain dopamine has influence how people process background information, which in turn can hurt concentration memory and more. The psychologist have establish the â€Å"absent link† between the aging brain and waning cognitive abilities, there are also studies that shows where the older people and younger people pathways in context processing. The slow lessening of the ability to gain and utilize background clues could clarify why aging people refuse cognition across a range of function. Psy chologist develops complete, brain based representation of normal aging, that makes them able to eventually slow or stop these worrying cognitive decline.The best example is when psychologist uses dopamine to be used in context   Ã‚  processing which is a kind of psychological â€Å"operating system† that sits among the brain’s prefrontal cortex and cognition; they believe that definite sufficient levels of the chemical messenger dopamine, the prefrontal cortex consistently enables to course for a thought, memory of the actions. Therefore, context processing can have a wide impact, straddling cognitive process once thought to be autonomous. The context processing, has the capability to supersede a defaulting behavior to perform something in a contextually suitable way. To sum it up, in this process helps aging people to decide which way to go to the market, what to utter based on who is listening or what uncertain word would mean in a meticulous sentence.Health promo tion has been a functional social science whose theoretical structure has developed from a psychology, anthropology and sociology foundation. Since 1970’s there are already programs given based on the theories of health promotions, usually implemented across large populations. It is also a mixture of health education and related managerial, political, and economic changes conductive to wellbeing. A health promotion program, then, is planned to improve the health and welfare of individuals and communities by giving the people with the information, expertise, services, and sustainability needed to take on and preserve optimistic lifestyle changes.Successful health promotion programs are health enhancement programs; they go further than providing information to effect behavioral alteration. It emphasize has been on physical health condition and health assurance, usual study of insurance price infer that the health promotion program could decrease morbidity from disease.Two types of learning programs for older drivers have been developed, the first one is precautionary driving approach to decrease fears and sharpen driving skills. The next program is for older citizens who had one or other accidents and uses a defensive-driving/traffic school approach to decrease threat of accident. Programs may be offered in a multiplicity of setting such as senior and district centers.The organization of support groups, conducting of meetings of people with meticulous emotional wants share and discuss the crisis the member faces. These groups can be organized by retirement homes, hospitals, senior centers, and community interest society.  Reassurance of telephone programs, it is the duty of a fit and self sufficient person to voluntary calls a homebound or apprehensive elder person each day at the same time to check on his protection and well being. Transportation programs, there are vans or minibuses that provide transport for older adults or the handicapped to physici ans, hospital, clinics.Volunteer programs, any sort of organization that operates more efficiently and has increased sense of community importance if an efficient volunteer is developed and equipped. Program developments include advances in public wellbeing, preventive and curative medicine, health education, and medical technology have caused enormous changes in the configuration of the populace of aging populations.ConclusionEveryone of us started from being a child until we reach old age, as we grow older we become unique to other people, each of us has a different genetic make up. During the life course, the range of those persons is created by how person invested time and energy. The life time approach to the learning of aging is one way of conceptualizing many of the factors that influence how individual modify as they grow older, and how different personality show unlike patterns of change in aging.Work CitedCockayne K. (2003). Experiencing Old Age in Ancient Rome. Sociology, Routlidge Publishing.Decalmer P. and Glandenning F. (1997) The Mistreatment of Elderly People. Sociology. Sage Publication. Sage Newbury Park, CA.Davies, J.K., Gordon M., editor (1998). Quality, Evidence, and Health Effectiveness in Health Promotion. Routledge Publishing.Gilford, D. M. (1988).The Aging Population In The Twenty-First Century. Contributor National Academy of Sciences. National Academic Press.Haber, D. (2007). Health Promotion of Aging; Practical Applications for Health Professionals. Fourth edition. Springer Publishing CompanyTimmreck, T.C. (2003).Planning Program Development and Evaluation. Jones and Barlett Publishers.Timiras, P.S., (2002) Physiological Basis of Aging And Geriatrics. Mac Millan Publishing. New York.Webb, R.C., (1999). Psychology of The Consumer And It’s Development .Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers. New York.

Hamlet- Suicide Essay - 2453 Words

William Shakespeares Hamlet- Signifying Death Regardless of a persons age or literary preference it is undeniable that William Shakespeare had a flair for composing dramatic tragedies. Tragedy, when evident is a powerful underlining theme which portrays the qualities of the human capacity. In one of Shakespeares most brilliant plays, Hamlet, tragedy is portrayed through the protagonists constant contemplation of suicide. Shakespeare often alludes to powerful images of death by using pathos and bereavement in life to be inconsequential. In the play, Hamlet, William Shakespeare produces a tragedy which illustrates the suggestion of suicide and the imagery of death as solutions to problems through Ophelias demise, the minor†¦show more content†¦After ending her relationship with Hamlet, and having her father killed by her previous lover, Ophelias character begins to change. A flower can resemble Ophelias character; for even the most beautiful flower can be deceiving, and this i s first seen in her character as a calm, delicate, and a controlled young lady (1.3.45-51 136). Once her father passes away and Hamlet is out of reach her state of being becomes confused, ill, insane and bitter (4.5.46-64). Ophelia starts wearing flowers like rosemary which is to be worn in memory (4.5.173). It is evident by the course of events that Ophelia commits suicide and her demise results from her own actions. Secondly, throughout Denmark inevitable justice is proficient with the minor characters that shape the reflection of death. One of the first minor characters that play a major role to reflect death is Horatio. Horatio is the definition of a true friend. He remains a complex character that is honest and loyal to his companion Hamlet (3.2.56-57). By the end of the play, Laertes stabs Hamlet with a poisonous sword (5.2.387-89). Dearly honoured by Hamlet, Horatio insists on drinking what is left from the poisonous cup which killed Gertrude (5.2.330-32). In act five, scene two Horatio declares to Hamlet that he will drink the poison; an act of committing suicide indicating how deeply he is moved by Hamlet suffering (5.2.331) Horatio states Never believe it: I am more anShow MoreRelatedEssay on Suicide in Hamlet1624 Words   |  7 PagesWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet, suicide is an important and continuous theme throughout the play. Hamlet is the main character who contemplates the thought of suicide many different times throughout the play, since the murder of his father. Hamlet weighs the advantages of leaving his miserable life with the living, for possibly a better but unknown life with the dead. Hamlet seriously contemplates suicide, but decides against it, mainly because it is a mortal sin against God. Hamlet continues to sayRead MoreSuicide Soliloquy in Hamlet Essay1210 Words   |  5 Pages William Shakespeare is a famous English playwright. His play Hamlet centers around Hamlets decision on how to seek revenge for his father’s death. However, Hamlet is unsure of what course of action he wants to take to exact his revenge. He discusses the idea of suicide as a possible option in his â€Å"To be or not to be† soliloquy. In this soliloquy, Shakespeare uses metaphors, rhetorical questions, and repetition to express Hamlet’s indecision regarding what he should do. Shakespeare uses metaphorsRead MoreEssay about Suicide in Hamlet1448 Words   |  6 PagesIn Shakespeare’s Hamlet, suicide is treated differently on the aspects of religion, morals, and philosophical views. Suicide is the act of deliberately killing yourself in contrary to your own best interests. In today’s society suicide is highly looked down upon. But Shakespeare used suicide and violence in almost all of his most popular plays. Many of his tragedies used the element of suicide, some accomplished, others merely contemplated. Shakespeare used suicide as a dramatic device. A character’sRead More Death and Suicide in Hamlet by William Shakespeare1100 Words   |  5 PagesSuicide, originating from the Latin phrase sui cadere, â€Å"to kill oneself†, is one of the top leading causes of death worldwide. Every year, more than a million people commit suicide, successfully ending whatever feelings of despair, pressure, or suffering they felt when alive. Yet statistics show that the number of nonfatal suicide attempts exceeds that of actual completed suicides. Failed attempts of taking one’s own life reveal the deep, undermining uncertainties humans have about death. Such inquiriesRead MoreEssay about Suicide in William Shakespeares Hamlet2962 Words   |  12 PagesSuicide in William Shakespeares Hamlet In two of his soliloquies, Hamlet questions whether life is worth living. With characteristic ambiguity and indecision, he wavers as he considers both the Christian and the classical perspectives on suicide. Much of the debate surrounding Shakespeare’s treatment of suicide in Hamlet develops from interpretations of those soliloquies. Focusing primarily on his most famous soliloquy at the start of act three, much critical debate has arisen over the subjectRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet - Suicide And Selfhood Essay1365 Words   |  6 Pages â€Å"This above all, to thine own self be true† (Shakespeare 1.3.78)--suicide and selfhood: two issues that Hamlet ruminates on throughout Hamlet. Shakespeare reveals the connection between these two ideas through his references to Christianity throughout the play. By juxtaposing characters’ treatment of suicide and murder--two equally grave sins in a world governed by Christian morals--Shakespeare presents suicide a s the greater sin because it represents something worse: the annihilation of the selfRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet - The Contemplation Of Suicide And Murder1941 Words   |  8 PagesShakespeare’s Hamlet, the protagonist: Hamlet, contrasts the ideas of life and death to understand whether life is worth living with all the pain one must endure. Hamlet battles an internal struggle throughout the play to decide if suicide is the correct method to alleviate his hardship and dismay, or if he should face the daunting task of avenging his father’s death. The struggle Hamlet is faced with leads him to debate suicide in his â€Å"To be, or not to be† soliloquy. The contemplation of suicide and murderRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet As A Play That Contains Frequent Meditations On Suicide Essay1590 Words   |  7 Pages(Shakespeare 3.1.56). Audiences know Shakespeare’s Hamlet as a play that contains frequent meditations on suicide, yet despite suicideà ¢â‚¬â„¢s obvious religious connections, audiences do not often consider how religion as a whole functions within the play. This lack of awareness partially results from the subtlety of many of Hamlet’s religious elements. Through his religious references and the resulting emphasis on the gravity of the sins of murder and suicide, Shakespeare clarifies the contradictory attitudeRead MoreThe Significance of Suicide in Hamlet1525 Words   |  7 PagesThe Significance of Suicide in Hamlet The concept of suicide is one that is greatly contemplated and discussed by Hamlet and other characters in William Shakespeares play. It can be seen through two of Hamlets soliloquies and his overall demeanor throughout the play. Hamlet has many issues that he must deal with such as the death of his father and the marriage of his uncle and mother. These two incidents led Hamlet to consider the extreme act of suicide to escape the fate that he had been bestowedRead MoreTheme Of Suicide In Hamlet1443 Words   |  6 Pageslost, do not give up. Because if you choose suicide, you will never live to see it get worse, however, you also pass up the chance to see life get better. Suicide is an important, recurring theme in William Shakespeares, Hamlet, and it is a topic that Hamlet contemplates quite often throughout the play. Hamlet often goes back and forth between to be or not to be, but continues to believe that people although capable of suicide, choose to live. Hamlet is adamant that t he unknown, the inconclusiveness

New Ideas Into Ib Extended Essay Topics Biology Never Before Revealed

New Ideas Into Ib Extended Essay Topics Biology Never Before Revealed Bear in mind a protracted essay may have a word count up to 4000 words. 2016-2017 a question subject for extended extended essay can be very difficult but it may also be really intriguing. An elongated essay is one which you won't finish overnight. You don't have to essay your time on the work you aren't fond to do. The essay sample given here is going to provide you with ideas for writing an essay in the newest format. My essay would turn into a completely different beast. Will undoubtedly ib lengthy essay. Firstly, on possible method of elongated essay biology. What the In-Crowd Won't Tell You About Ib Extended Essay Topics Biology Such difficulties could be dealt with by taking the suggestion of somebody who has gone through the identical path and has ample experience to fix your issues regarding it. Your own personal statement question. One of the very first things you have to understand in earning your topic choice is that there's a difference between history and current affairs. If you've got many choices, what you only need to do is to pick. Don't be concerned if you feel you're choosing a less commonly held position on the subject. It is crucial that the question chosen is limited in scope enabling them to examine about the issue or issue in depth. Well this report is likely to provide you a few answers if you are trying to rack up some suggestions on how to answer the question above. If you can locate a topic which lends itself to rigorous debate and, naturally, write well on the topic, you may give yourself a very clear benefit. Ib Extended Essay Topics Biology at a Glance My preceding article laid out some simple info about the lengthy essay, a core part of the IB Diploma Programme. There are a number of on-line courses for Economics all if you take a look in the proper places. You're a student free of access or liberty to do experiments and neither have the vital resources to achieve that. Try and try to find some Economics competitions and prizes to try to get involved and win! More it is also simple for the students now to find emergency essay writing services anytime. Students lead busy lives and frequently forget about a coming deadline. Is one particular question that a number of students ask themselves. Say, for instance, you're a high school student, and you should compose a 3-page essay. How to Get Started with Ib Extended Essay Topics Biology? So you may have economics debates weekly, or you've completed a group economic project and so forth. Some schools will provide you with a timeline of when you should develop a topic, when you will need to meet up with your advisor and when certain drafts are due. If you pick a topic on human diseases and their behaviors, it is going to be difficult for you to experiment your ideas and ideas. Despite the very best teacher, you will probably need more help outside the classroom to acquire through the tougher concepts and topics. Sorry if you were searching for specific topic ideas. Categories and key concepts have to be related and it ought to be defined. It's often best to select those topics which you're passionate about. Normally, a topic and life. Therefore, if there's any reason why you cannot have your extended essay written on time yourself, all you have to do is place your order on our site, and leave the rest to us! A leader must demonstrate the most suitable path to its follower and ought to be educated enough together with the loyal quality to bring out the best results from the folks. If it's so, then you'll be having some difficult time for a student together with being a writer. Have a look at our guide to finding your intended school. The cost of an essay depends upon the quantity of effort the writer has to exert. Culture and Society The essay ought to be a cultural analysis describing the effect of a specific issue on the shape or usage of the language. The ordering procedure to a cquire your captivating and authentic world history essay topics is pretty straightforward. For my ib sets deadlines for all of the example that you're conducting a protracted essay examples. One of the most typical problems students encounter is settling on an appropriate Research Question. Moreover, it's your opportunity to research any issue from the past that isn't included in your school curriculum. If your school isn't one already, learn to turn into an IB World School so as to implement the DP. You cannot achieve such aid in your assignment that's too always before the deadline.

Spc Tate s A Successful Day Of Hard Work Essay - 1120 Words

SPC Tate, a medic from Bravo Team, sat in his MRAP patiently waiting to roll out the gate to their next destination. Upset that on his last week of deployment he was again tasked to go clear buildings. Agitated at his current position, he was furthermore irritated that the team tasked to replace Alpha team was late. Growing more and more impatient SPC Tate got in his vehicle and started listening to music when he felt the truck start up and begin to roll out the gate. He drifted off to sleep and before he knew it the convoy had reached it’s destination. Every one assumes their positions, stacks the door, and before you know if they’ve cleared two buildings. A successful day of hard work, almost another day down. He can taste it, one step closer to his goal of finally making it back on U.S. soil. His euphoric daydream was interrupted with a loud BANG!! He realized that a solider from Alpha Team has been injured by an IED and he quickly rushes to aid him and drag him in to safety. He picks up the soldier and rushes him back to the MRAP ripping off his vest and cutting off his shirt. SPC Tate freezes in shock†¦HE was a SHE!!! So many thoughts ran through his head. â€Å"How do I care for her†, â€Å"what is she doing here†, â€Å"she doesn’t belong here†, â€Å"this would have never happened if she was a male†. All the training that he received suddenly became a blur. SPC Tate had never witnessed a female soldier on the battlefield. He was used to them supporting the infantry being the cooks,

The Parents Music Resource Center and Music Today free essay sample

In society music Is an extremely Important form of art. It Is one of the most sincere forms of expression. Music can influence people from many different backgrounds and cultures. Musicians have the same freedom of speech rights as any other United States citizen. In the mid sasss rock musicians rights were challenged with issues including censorship and first amendment guarantees. The MARC (or Parents Music Resource Center) was a committee formed in 1985 by the wives of several congressmen. They Included Tipper Gore, Susan Baker, wife of Treasury Secretary James Baker, and Nancy Drummond, wife of Senator StormDrummond. Their mission was to educate parents about alarming trends in popular music (Encyclopedia, 11/22/04. ) Out of all the many styles of music in this particular case only rock music is mentioned. Society is always impacted by music. At the time, rock music was the most popular. This caused the affects to be much stronger. That is also why the MARC directed the most attention toward rock, rather than country, hip-hop, blues, or dance music. The MARC easily became a national movement. All of the women involved had connections to the government, which gave them an added power and access to aka the group national. On or about May 31, 1985, the MARC sent a letter to Stanley Gorton, then president of the Recording Industry Association of America (ARIA), accusing the record Industry of exposing the youth of America, to sex, violence, and the glorification of drugs and alcohol .. . The letter went on to demand a rating system for rock records similar to the MAMA rating system for films (Kappa, 1989. ) Frank Kappa was one of the first musicians to speak against the MARC. He began by writing a letter to the music industry. His letter expressed his thoughts and feelings toward the whole situation.Within this open letter Kappa states, A record company has the right to conduct Its business and make a profit, but not at the expense of the people who make the product businesspeople still has to write and perform the music (Kappa,1989. ) Unfortunately, the letter did not make much of an impact. Kappa, then decided to take the issue a step further and wrote a letter to the president. The letter he wrote influenced a speech President Reagan gave on the situation. Which, later lead to public court hearings discussing the issues the MARC raised. The Senate Hearing on record labeling, held on September 19, 1985, was arguably he best attended and media-covered hearing ever held before any Senate Committee (Defile,1993. ) The ARIA and individual record companies wanted the situations to be dealt with as quickly as possible. They did not want to cause a lot of trouble. There were many musicians involved within the trial process. Some of the most famous witnesses were Frank Kappa, Dee Snider, John Denver, and Jell Bavaria. During the hearing, there was a focus on fifteen different songs.The songs on the list Lapper, Madonna, Deaf Leopard, and Twisted Sister (Encyclopedia, 11/22/04. ) Frank Kappa, was an interesting witness. His lyrics were never questioned. None of the artists who made it onto the list which became know as The Marcs Filthy Fifteen had anything in their lyrics even close to the stuff in my catalog, and yet, for some reason, was never accused of being a Violator' (Kappa,1989. ) The First Amendment of the Constitution gives citizens the freedoms of religion, press, assembly, petition, and most important to the MARC hearings, speech. Obscenity is not protected by the amendment and that is where a lot of controversy Nas caused. The line between what is obscene and what isnt obscene is hard to determine. Many proposals were made throughout the hearing, after all the debates, Ententes, and testimonials the case was finally settled. Even before the trial was complete the MARC and ARIA had made a compromise. Following the Hearing, on November 1 of 1985, the MARC, and its ally the National Parents and Teachers Association, reached an agreement with the ARIA on the voluntary record label.The agreement stipulated that the printing of lyrics remained optional and, because of space limitations, cassettes were exempted, bearing only the imprint see LAP for lyrics. Since then, different record companies designed their own label containing the words Parental Guidance Explicit Lyrics or some variation thereof (Defile, 1993. ) Many record stores refused to sell albums containing the label (most notably Wall-Mart) and others limited the sale of those albums to minors. The label became known as the Tipper sticker.Some politicians attempted to criminality the sale of explicit records to minors, and others went so far as to try to ban such records (Encyclopedia,11/22/04. ) The activities of the MARC and the record industrys response on the issue since then are not very clear. Some, usually smaller, companies have continued to refuse putting labels on records, and generally the response on the part of the musicians was not favorable, feeling that the ARIA had sold teethe sales of records, however, do not seem to have been affected (Defile, 1993. ) Today it is common to see advisory stickers on CDC.However, they are not required, but suggested. There are no major consequences currently for not having labels on music. Now the MARC has moved into the world of video, complaining about television, home video and MET (Kappa,1989. ) Currently there are not many mainstream organizations that have intentions like the MARC. Most of the groups that permute censorship are a much smaller scale. It is not likely for them to gain any national status. These groups are unlikely to gain following because many musicians today make different versions of their record.These records come in a clean erosion with less obscenities and the regular version, including all obscenities. This is logical on behalf of the musicians. It is a large step forward in preventing anything like the MARC happening again. Also, the different versions of records please the people who would be against obscenity. The music industrys self-regulation of lyrics through parental warning labels is drawing a not-so-fine line between black and white, an expert on music censorship says (Adelaide,11123/04. According to this source, in some situations todays music is being used to label more than content. Most of todays CDC that carry the Parental Advisory label are from African- American rap and hip-hop artists (Adelaide, 11/23/04. ) Not only does the as the causes of destructive behaviors. There are many indications of the destructive behaviors caused by music. During the 1999 Columbine High School attacks, the music the students listened to was looked into, as a possible reason why their actions Nerve so violent. Also, in 1999 the pop-punk band Blink 182 released a song called Dams Song. On May 4, Columbine High School student Greg Barnes took his own life at his house Dams Song was set to repeat on the CD player when the student Nas found hanged. The band sympathizes with the loss, but singer/bassist Mark Hoops told LAUNCH (the interview source) that people need to sit down and listen to the lyrics to get the inherently positive message in the song. Any intelligent person that listens to that song will know that its an anti-suicide song, and so if you listen to the lyrics its pretty self-explanatory that its about going through a hard time and finding the strength to go on, he said. It was a very unfortunate thing that happened and our heart goes out to the kids fam ily, but the song itself. . . I think the message is pretty clear actually(Rosen, 11/23/04. ) Music is constantly interpreted and misinterpreted. It is up to an individual, or parent in a childs case to pick out hat kind of music they want to listen to. Another responsibility of the consumer is to recognize the difference between artist intent and how one perceives the meaning of song. People tend to be afraid to take responsibility for their own actions, so they go ahead and blame others. Musicians and other celebrities are an easy target. In regards to suicides being blamed on music, that is an unfair statement to make. The artists should not be faulted for another persons decision. Suicide is a bigger issue Nothing itself. Although it may make sense to blame an outside source, suicide should be looked at in a much larger spectrum. History of all kinds is important. It tells the stories of how countries and societies came to be. Music is probably one of the largest reflections of society.Music can express how an individual or groups of people feel about a certain topic. Through the tempo and melody of a song emotions can be described. Lyrics are written about love, hate, politics, friendship, life, death, money, sex, and society. There is not a subject in the world that music has not addressed. Although the sole purpose of music is to entertain, there is no doubt that t does a lot more than that. Music captivates people, it makes people aware of issues present in the world, music inspires people to say what they think, and music teaches many lessons. The MARC case is a big deal in music history. It was a change of an era. In the sasss and the sasss most people were not concerned with the possibility of negative effects in their music. In the sasss that concept changed. The MARC became a large scandal between the musicians expressing their opinions and the conservative adults who wanted to protect children from the negative actions that music could lead them to take part in. The MARC court hearings showed people expressing their thoughts in a powerful way.Without this taking place who knows Inhere music would be today. Frank Kappa, Tipper Gore and all the other people involved within the MARC case made a difference in the music world. The compromise the MARC and the ARIA made was quite simple, but well though out. Complete censorship is unfair and illegal, but warning the consumer about the material is fair and understandable. Although it does not matter who won the case, all that matters is that they were involved. These are the people that shaped how the always under consideration.

Problem of Racial Slurs in Australia

Aims The study is aimed at researching the problem of racial slurs directed at indigenous Australians. There is no secret that ethnic conflicts and the lack of tolerance that they are triggered by occurs even in the modern democratic society.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Problem of Racial Slurs in Australia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to the latest statistical data regarding the social conflicts in Australia, the issue of racial discrimination is getting increasingly significant as the lack of tolerance is growing out of proportions: â€Å"As many as one in five admit they would discriminate when sitting near an Indigenous Australian, or in a retail environment† (Discrimination against Indigenous Australians: A snapshot of the views of non-Indigenous people aged 25–44, 2014, p. 2). The goals of the study are to identify the key racial slurs used for addressing indigenous Austral ians and to evaluate the changes in people’s attitudes towards the racial slurs in question (e. g, the transfer of a neutral term into the category of taboo words, a once pejorative word being turned into a neural one, the obsolescence of certain pejorative words for defining indigenous Australians, the emergence of new insults, etc.) Background of the Community The community in question is located in Melbourne and consists of approximately 11,750 people. 20 Australians aged 20–40 years old have been selected from this community for participation in the research and the identification of the key challenges, which the native residents of the area have to deal with on a regular basis when communicating with the non-native denizens of the local population. It should be noted that the community in question has a comparatively old history; it was founded in 1850s and has been evolving ever since. The community can be considered quite diverse, much like the city of Melbourne in general; being a part of the capital, it represents a range of nationalities and ethnic groups, including not only indigenous Australians, but also a range of people belonging to other nationalities and ethnicities. Historically, the local denizens can be split into two key groups, i.e., the native residents and the descendants of the European immigrants.Advertising Looking for proposal on linguistics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, at present, the groups representing the culture of â€Å"New Zealand, Korea, Italy, Somalia, India, the United Kingdom† (Multicultural communities, 2015) are identified among the target population. While the community under analysis can be considered as rather diverse, the conflicts between the native and non-native citizens have increased in number (Islam Jaai, 2013, p. 54). As a result, the use of a range of obscenities directed at the origin of the local dwellers has also b een enhanced. Literature Review Though not being know as infamously wide as the racial profiling of the African Americans and other ethnicities living in the United States and Europe, the issue of discrimination towards the native residents of Australia also deserves the attention of researchers as a rather cruel subjugation of the local culture. The use of the slurs, which are addressed to the native residents of Australia, seems to have gone through major changes. While admittedly retaining their offensive context, the racial slurs, which are directed at the Australian population, seem to have become geared towards the application of the words that have an intrinsically diminishing connotation in the English language, i.e., are characterized by emotional coloring, rather than the use of the elements of the Australian culture alone. The specified issue can be viewed from the tenets of both the theory of linguistics and the existing social theories. In fact, the impact of the social factors on the evolution of the pejorative terms, which the residents of Australia use in order to insult the indigenous inhabitants of the state, is evident; the significance thereof can be traced easily in the derogatory terms, which are used as a racial slur nowadays.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Problem of Racial Slurs in Australia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In fact, the amount of the social issues, which the obscenities in question are directed onto, have altered significantly; for instance, the gender issue seems to have gained new and much greater significance in the relationships between the native Australians and the local residents. A closer look at the existing racial slurs used in order to offend the Australian people shows that, in addition to ridiculing various elements of the Australian culture, the members of the Australian communities also seem to be engaging into the word building process, which presupposes using the English words as the basis for creating diminishing titles for the native Australians. While the idea of addressing the origin of the indigenous Australian people still constitutes a major part of the racial slurs directed at the population in question (e.g., the words such as â€Å"abo† meaning aboriginal exist), there is a very strong tendency towards creating new words (Australian aboriginals, 2015, para. 2). As far as the type of word building used in the course of creating new racial slurs is concerned, the techniques known as compounding (Javen, Juad Nazli 2012) and blending can be identified. The specified type of words formation, in fact, correlates with the present-day evolution of the so-called computer language, i.e., the incorporation into the traditional language of the elements of information technology (Liu Liu, 2014, p. 23). The given type of neologisms creation can be considered not as threatening to the native denizens of the Australian population, as these neologisms seem to have a rather quick staying power and will most likely be washed away by the sands of time within a couple of years, if not months (Liu Liu, 2014, p. 24). The lack of the above-mentioned staying power of the words in question can be explained by the fact that they are rarely linked strongly to the specifics of the native Australians’ culture and are in most cases inspired by a fad.Advertising Looking for proposal on linguistics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Seeing that the latter vanishes rather quickly and leaves very little impact on either the people insulting the target audience, or the ones, whom the insult is directed at, the specified racial slurs can hardly be viewed as a consistent threat to the wellbeing of the representatives of Australia (Liu Liu, 2014, p. 25). The former type of racial slur, though having clearly aged, still can be viewed as the most offensive one for the native denizens of the Australian continent. There are several reasons for the specified effect to occur; first and most obvious, the former type of slur is rooted deeply in the Australian culture and, therefore, attacks it by mocking it. As a result, the sensitivity of the people, whom it addresses, peaks, and the offence takes its toll on the indigenous population of the Australian people. Second, the offensive concepts in question have a very long history and, therefore, are packed with the semes, which the new ones do not yet possess. More importantl y, the issue concerning the evolution of racial slurs directed at the native Australians has gained additional significance over the past few years due to the tension in the relationships between the indigenous residents of Australia and the descendants of the colonists, who consider the natives a potential threat to the further evolution of the culture and the acceptance of new cultural influences (Liu Liu, 2014, p. 29). Another look at the amount of the racially insensitive verbal attacks, which the Australian population subjects the native residents of the continent to, will reveal that the use of metonymy has become increasingly important in designing racial slurs. Seeing that Australia is characterized by a range of unique features, which are attributed to its nature, including both flora and fauna, there has been an obvious tendency towards using the elements of the Australian culture as the tools for abusing the denizens of the local population and, therefore, disparaging th e people that belong to the Australian culture. A single glance at the specifics of the semantic components of the racially insensitive words used previously will show that they were aimed at ridiculing the Australian culture in the first place (Liu Liu, 2014, p. 27). The present-day racial slurs, however, seem to have been updated in accordance with the changes in the relationships between the local residents and the people belonging to different cultures. Specifically, the tendency to incorporate more general words at the root of the new racial slurs seems to have become dominant in the relationships between the native Australians and the representatives of other cultures. For instance the words such as â€Å"chromer† or â€Å"goggles† (,Australian aboriginals, 2015, para. 8, para 14) do not seem to have anything to do with the Australian culture in particular; instead, they clearly represent a metonymic transfer of certain semes onto the representatives of the indi genous Australian culture. In fact, the types of word formation, which is used as the basis for developing racial slurs aimed at the native Australian population, have also been altered significantly, with the key emphasis having been shifted onto the concept of blending (Liu Liu, 2014, p. 23). The evolution, which the racially insensitive elements of the Australian English language have undergone, therefore, displays the tendency for the racial slurs to become less culture oriented and more superficial. Seeing that metonymy has become the defining driving force behind the creation of new racial slurs in Australia, the tendency for the use of the elements of the elements of the local culture seems to subside, leaving more room for the use of the features that stress the key features of the local people’s character; as a result, there is an obvious leaning towards the use of English words as opposed to the Australian ones. For example, the highly offensive term â€Å"queue w armer† (Australian aboriginals, 2015, para. 8, para 23) signifies an obvious shift towards the incorporation of the English words and the elements of the English reality into the context of the Australian culture. Theoretical Positioning The issues of intercultural relationships and the lack of tolerance have been discussed by a range of theorists from a variety of viewpoints. However, when it comes to identifying the key reasons for the change in the vocabulary, which is used primarily for establishing complicated social relationships with another racial or ethnic group, the incorporation of a linguistic and a social theory into the analysis must be considered. Therefore, the subject matter will be viewed from the tenets of both the conflict theory and the objectivist theory of semantic change, which is also known as the truth-conditional theory (Wulf, 2013, p. 97). Indeed, according to the latter theoretical premise, the changes, which the negative epithets used for denoting native Australians have suffered, can be explained as the evolution of the Australian vocabulary and the attempt of the representatives of the Australian culture to incorporate new meanings into the words that are traditionally used in an everyday setting by conducting a metaphorical and metonymic transfer of a specific quality or a set of qualities from the object in question to the native Australians living in the community. Thus, the definition of the semantic components, which allow Australian people to refer to the native residents of the community in a specific manner, will be carried out, and the principles, which the pejorativization of the words in question occurs, will become possible under the specified theoretical premises. The analysis of the qualities, which are associated with specific words and, therefore, are attributed to the indigenous Australian people, can be carried out with the help of the theory in question. As Hollman explains, the theory works as the tool for isolating the properties of certain denominators and, thus, for specifying the differences between specific groups of words: If we describe the differences in meaning between the words man, woman, boy and girl in terms of the properties [+/- male] and [+/- adult], we can take a human being, and use those properties (often called semantic components) to decide objectively whether to refer to them as a man, woman, boy or girl. This is the basis of the so-called objectivist or truth-conditional theory of semantics. (Hollman, 2014, p. 526) Therefore, the theory in question will help view the change, which the racially insensitive words have gone through over the curse of several decades; as a result, a detailed analysis of the differences in the linguistic and semantic characteristics of the words, which were and are used as pejorative terms for denoting native Australians. The second theoretical basis, in its turn, can be viewed as an opportunity for embracing not only the linguist ic, but also the social factors into the analysis of the subject of the research, therefore, making a more elaborate commentary on the problem. It will be reasonable, thus, to integrate the social factors into the analysis to see their effect on the linguistic changes. Specifically, the alterations in the connotations of the words, which are used as the tools for insulting the native Australian residents, will be integrated into the study. Research Questions In the course, of the study, the following questions are expected to be answered: What are the key changes that have occurred to the denomination of the native Australians among the rest of the denizens of the Australian population, and what social changes do these linguistic alterations can be the signifiers of? Does the racially insensitive denotation of the native Australians tend to be geared towards the pejoration of the words that used to be the elements of people’s everyday vocabulary, or are these words subject s pecific? What are the key tendencies in the development of the racial slurs used towards the native Australian residents of the North Melbourne community? What principles is the process of creating the racial slurs directed at the native Australians based on and what concepts, both social and vocabulary related ones, is this process founded on? Is there a way to stop the process of the creation of ethnic slurs in the Australia English vocabulary? Methodology The study is going to be carried out as a qualitative research of the subject matter. It should be born in mind, though, that the issue in question is rooted deeply in the historic relationships between the indigenous residents of North Melbourne and the people, whose ancestors migrated to the specified place prior to the development of the conflict. Hence the need to carry out a twofold study emerges. Specifically, the necessity for conducting an analysis of the present-day situation, i.e., the modern attitudes towards native Australians, and the historical premises, which the current situation owes its existence to, must be mentioned. Consequently, it will be reasonable to suggest that the general ethnographic study of the issue should be conducted, with a thorough analysis of the linguistic changes, which the attitude towards the native Australians was manifested with. However, carrying out a historical evaluation of the issue will only bring fruitful results when compared to the implications of a present-day research; herein the significance of another part of the qualitative study, i.e., the evaluation of the modern attitudes towards native Australian, factors. Thus, apart from the general qualitative analysis of the existing historical records of the relationships between the native Australians and the rest of the North Melbourne population, the need for conducting the assessment of the terminology used for addressing native Australians with a negative connotation emerges. The specified study will b e held with the help of questionnaires; distributed among 20 indigenous representatives of the Australian population, the questions will concern two major issues. The first one will address the words that are typically used as a racial slur directed at the people in question and the frequency, with which the slurs in question are addressed to the respondents. Apart from the specified issue, the attitudes towards the racial slurs mentioned above will be evaluated. To be more specific, after the first part of the assessment is over, the pejorative words provided by the research participants will be gathered and analyzed. Afterwards, these words will be incorporated into the next survey, and the respondents will be asked to evaluate the words in question with the help of the Likert scale according to their offensiveness based on the respondents’ subjective estimation. It should be noted that the specified study design contains a range of limitations, the personal experience of t he participants and their objective view of what is offensive and what is not being the key impediments to the objectivity of the study. Indeed, there is no need to stress that the personal impressions of the study participants are far from being trustworthy material to work with. However, the fact that the research will be based on the subjective impressions of the respondents will also have positive effects on the outcomes of the research, as it will provide an inside opinion on the subject matter and, therefore, will help understand the difference in the effect, which racial slurs have on the indigenous population of Australia. Specifically, the changes in the attitudes towards the obscenities that are used regularly, as well as towards the ones that have emerged comparatively recently, will be evaluated. In addition, the analysis of the origin of the words that are used as racial slur addressed towards the native Australians will be carried out, with the subsequent comparison of the linguistic basis for the specified words now and several decades prior. In the course of the first part of the study, personal interviews will be conducted so that the participants could describe the obscenities that they hear most often in an adequate and appropriate manner. As far as the second part of the research, the aforementioned Likert-type scale will be used for the research participants to evaluate the words that they will have mentioned. It is suggested that the ANOVA type of statistical analysis should be used when carrying out the study in question should be used; thus, the results retrieved in the process will be measurable, precise and trustworthy (Perez, 2008, p. 203). It is assumed that the application of the random-effect model will help understand the nature of the changes, which have occurred to the denotation of the native Australian residents, as well as identify the effects, which these alterations in the Australian language and the Australian culture hav e had on the Melbourne society in general and the North Melbourne community in particular. As Perez (2008) stresses, â€Å"The main advantage of the random-effect model, and the reason for including it, is that it allows one to check the main effects of the linguistics acculturation variables, which is not possible with a fixed effects design† (Perez, 2008, p. 202). In other words, the specified model allows for locating the reasons for the words to evolve in a specific direction and be perceived as either offensive or not by the target population (i.e., native Australians). Finally, the further comparison of the words selected by the latter with the ones that will have been found with the help of the general research will be conducted. Ethics Seeing that the study will involve the participation of human subjects, it will be imperative to make sure that informed consent has been obtained from each of them. Therefore, it will be crucial to send the participants-to-be informed consent forms for them to sign; thus, the research will be considered legitimate, and its implications will be viewed as objective and trustworthy. The informed consent forms will be suggested for the participants to sign at the beginning of the research. It should be born in mind, though, that some of the study members may have special abilities and needs. Therefore, the informed consent of their parents, tutors or guardians should be obtained prior to the study. Timeline It is assumed that the research is going to take place in the course of three months. The specified time frame will allow both for gathering the related information carefully and for processing it thoroughly. To be more specific, the research will be carried out in three key stages. First, the information concerning the use of racial slurs directed at the naà ¯ve Australian population in the past will be collected (weeks 1, 2, 3 and 4); then, the questionnaires containing queries concerning the present-day state of affairs regarding the subject matter will be distributed among the target population (weeks 5 and 6). Finally, the third and final stage, which will take roughly two weeks, will incorporate the analysis of the data acquired in the course of the study and the identification of the key research implications. Potential Educational Implications Though the significance of the study in question is far from being global, the issue still can be qualified as rather significant, as it both provides a deep insight on the evolution of the present-day English and allows for locating the key implications of the social moods in the realm of linguistics and language use. In other words, the results of the study can be considered the basis for carrying out another study aimed at analyzing the significance of the factors such as the Australian native words (primarily pre-1870 vocabulary), the use of the stereotypical images associated with Australia and its culture (e.g., a boomerang) for transfor ming them into offensive words (e.g., â€Å"boomerang† – â€Å"boomer,† etc.) on the further evolution of the vocabulary, which is considered offensive for the indigenous Australian people.. More importantly, the study in question sheds some light on the key processes, which the Australian language is undergoing currently in the context of the international conflict, which is about to erupt in Australia. Therefore, the outcomes of this study can be used as the tool for developing suggestions for the further resolution of the conflict. Reference List Australian aboriginals. (2015). Racial Slur Database. Web. Discrimination against Indigenous Australians: A snapshot of the views of non-Indigenous people aged 25–44. (2014). Beyond Blue. Web. Islam, A. Jaai, P. (2013). Do immigrants save less than natives? Immigrant and native saving behaviour in Australia. Economic Record, 89 (289), 52–71. Javen, J., Juad, W. X. Nazli, J. (2012). Etymological analys is of the English language words. Language in India, 12(10), 580–592. Liu, W. Liu, W. (2014). Analysis on the word-formation of English netspeak neologism. Journal of Arts and Humanities, 3 (12), 22–30. Multicultural communities. (2015). City of Melbourne. Web. Perez, R. M. (2008). Exploring the moderating effect of linguistic acculturation and context on the subjective well-being of Hispanic adolescents. Ann Arbor, MI: ProQuest. Wulf, D. J. (2013). Speech acts and the truth-conditional analysis of temporal expressions. Philosophy Study, 3 (2), 97–112. This proposal on Problem of Racial Slurs in Australia was written and submitted by user Marlee Ratliff to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.